Access to clean drinking water a human right concern

By Gertrude Ankah Nyavi, Banjul- Gambia

Water is a human rights issue

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

African governments have been urged to see accessibility to clean drinking water as a human rights issue other than a basic need and essential to the realisation of all human rights.

Making the call, the NGO Forum on Human Rights in Africa also asked Africa’s Commission on Human Rights to urge AU states to cooperate in the management of their trans-boundary water resources, as expressed in international customary law, in accordance with their human rights obligations.

Recallingthe Resolution of the African Commission requiring a human rights-based approach to natural resources, including water resources, the group said the Commission had been charged to ensure African states protected the quality of international water resources as sources of drinking water.

At a briefing with a member of the commission in-charge of Economic, Social and Cultural Right, Mrs Sahli Fadel Maya on a resolution to be presented at the 54^rd African Charter on Human and People’s Rights in the Republic of Gambia on Wednesday October 23, the group also called on governments to first secure water allocation to satisfy vital human needs.

This, they said included drinking water as well as water for subsistence farming and water for securing the livelihood of dependent riparian populations, in determining an equitable and reasonable use of an international watercourse or aquifer.

According to the group, Africa has 63 trans-boundary river basins, representing 93% freshwater of the continent, which indicates every African country has a trans-boundary watercourse.

They emphasised that freshwater is a key factor in sustainable development and is essential for the protection of basic human rights, e.g. health, food, and energy.

The NGOs observed that climate change, water overuse and pollution jeopardised the human rights of present and future generations. Using Chad as an example, they said the surface area of Lake Chad had decreased from 25’000km2 to 1’500km2 between 1960 and 2000.

They added that the risk of water tensions had massive impact on human rights; hence there was urgent need for a legal framework for cooperation to secure human rights.

The NGOs therefore called for the establishment of multi-stakeholder management mechanisms, while ensuring that communities and individuals accessed information, and participated in the human rights impact assessment and decision-making concerning the management of international surface and groundwater resources.

They also urged the Commission to ensure that communities and individuals were entitled within their respective jurisdiction to judicial, administrative or other remedies, when the right to water and sanitation of an individual of a riparian state was threatened or violated by the activity of another state sharing the same aquifer.

The NGOs including WaterAid, Waterlex and Green Cross, raised the need to respect the principle of non-discrimination within and among neighbouring populations, and take into account the needs of vulnerable and most marginalised people, including women and children as well as displaced people, while implementing obligations.

Meanwhile, all is set for the official opening of the 54rd African Charter on Human and People’s Right to be held at Banjul in the Republic of Gambia. During the session, selected members of African states are expected to submit their human right performance report to the commission. The commissioners will then make follow up enquiries as to why some obligations were not been met by those countries.

Also, NGOs who have observatory status ACHP will be given fifteen minutes to present statement issues on human right in their various countries.

The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (also known as the Banjul Charter) is an international human rights instrument that is intended to promote and protect human rights and basic freedoms in the African continent.

Oversight and interpretation of the Charter is the task of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, which was set up in 1987 and is now headquartered in Banjul, Gambia. A protocol to the Charter was subsequently adopted in 1998 whereby an African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights was to be created. The protocol came into effect on 25 January 2005.

Water situation to get worse as population increases

The 2012 United Nations report on freshwater resources, the World Water Development Report, says about four billion people lack access to safe water.

It said the figure could get worse as the global population is likely to reach 9.1 billion in 2050 and 68 per cent of these 9 billion people would live in cities.

The report said in many countries, water availability for agriculture is already limited and it is set to worsen as agriculture needs to increase production to cater for 9 billion people.

It said these issues amongst others would substantially increase water and energy consumption, leading to increased competition for water resources.

The report further noted that as well as economic growth, the diets of many people are shifting from predominantly starch-based ones to meat and dairy and these require more water to produce.

It said the Asia-Pacific region is home to 60 percent of the world’s population but it has only 36 percent of its water resources. It further stated that the European and North American populations consume a considerable amount of virtual water embedded in imported food and other products.

It stated that each person in North America and Europe consumes at least 3000 litres per day of virtual water in imported food, compared to 1400 litres per day in Asia and 1100 litres per day in Africa.

The report also said various estimates suggests that approximately 3.5 earth-sized planets would be needed to sustain a global population to achieve the current lifestyle of the average European or North American.

It said nearly all Arab countries suffer from water scarcity with water consumption rates exceeding total renewable water supplies.

The report stated that India is growing maize, sugar cane, lentils and rice in countries like Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Senegal and Mozambique to feed its domestic market, while Europeans are seeking 3.9 million hectares of African land to meet their 10 per cent biofuel target by 2015.

It said the amount of water required for biofuel plantations could be particularly devastating to regions such as West Africa, where water is already scarce, given that one litre of ethanol from sugarcane requires 18.4 litres of water and 1.52 square metres of land.

Source: Ghana, e-tv